핵심 명제
끝난 일 + 끝난 시점 표지 (yesterday / ago / last / in 2010) = 단순과거.
시점이 명확히 끝난 표지가 있으면 무조건 과거.
설명
과거시제는 이미 끝난 일. 현재완료(continued to now)와 결정적으로 다르다.
동사 형태
규칙 동사 = 원형 + -ed:
- play → played
- watch → watched
- study → studied (-y → -ied)
- stop → stopped (단모음 + 자음 중복)
불규칙 동사 = 별도 형태 외워야:
- go → went
- come → came
- see → saw
- eat → ate
- take → took
- write → wrote
- run → ran
불규칙 100개는 시험 단골. 별도로 외워야.
자주 동반되는 시점 표지 (단서)
| 표지 | 의미 |
|---|---|
| yesterday | 어제 |
| last week / month / year | 지난주/달/년 |
| 2 days ago | 2일 전 |
| in 2020 | 2020년에 |
| this morning (오전 끝났을 때) | 오늘 아침 |
| when I was young | 어렸을 때 |
| then / at that time | 그때 |
이 표지가 보이면 반드시 단순과거. 현재완료(have + p.p.) 와 함께 못 쓴다.
✗ I have seen him yesterday.
✓ I saw him yesterday.
✗ She has lived in Seoul in 2020.
✓ She lived in Seoul in 2020.
과거시제 부정·의문
조동사 did 를 사용. 본동사는 원형으로.
✓ I didn't go to school. (did + not + 원형)
✗ I didn't went to school.
✓ Did you eat breakfast?
✗ Did you ate breakfast?
was / were
be 동사 과거형:
- I was / he was / she was / it was
- you were / we were / they were
과거의 습관 — used to / would
과거에 반복적이었던 일.
I used to play soccer when I was young. (예전에 축구를 했었다)
He would visit us every summer. (여름마다 우리를 방문하곤 했다)
used to 는 상태·습관 모두, would 는 반복 동작만 (상태 X).
✓ I used to live in Seoul. (상태)
✗ I would live in Seoul. (상태에 would X)
과거 진행형 — was/were V-ing
특정 과거 시점에 진행 중이던 일.
I was reading when she called me. (그녀가 전화했을 때 나는 읽고 있었다)
본 단원은 단순과거 중심. 진행형은 3-7 에서.
대표 문장 (외우기)
I went to Busan last summer and saw the sea.
작년 여름 나는 부산에 갔고 바다를 봤다.
last summer 시점 표지 + went/saw 단순과거 (불규칙). 과거시제의 핵심.