가정법 과거완료 — 과거 사실 반대

핵심 명제

과거 사실의 반대 = If 주어 + had p.p., 주어 + would have + p.p.

가정법 과거 (현재 반대) 의 시제를 한 단계 더 뒤로.

설명

형태

If 주어 + had + p.p., 주어 + would/could/might + have + p.p.

✓ If I had studied harder, I would have passed the exam.
(공부 안 했다 → 만약 했다면, 합격했을 텐데)

✓ If she had known the truth, she would have been sad.
(몰랐다 → 만약 알았다면, 슬펐을 텐데)

가정법 과거 vs 가정법 과거완료 비교

가정법 과거 (현재 반대):
If I were rich, I would buy a house. (지금 부자 아님)

가정법 과거완료 (과거 반대):
If I had been rich, I would have bought a house. (그때 부자 아니었음)

시제가 한 단계씩 뒤로.

직설법 변환

가정법 과거완료: If I had studied harder, I would have passed.
직설법: As I didn't study harder, I didn't pass.
(또는: I didn't study harder, so I didn't pass.)

과거의 부정.

주절의 조동사 — would/could/might + have + p.p.

✓ If I had known, I would have told you. (말해줬을 텐데)
✓ If I had had time, I could have helped. (도와줄 수 있었을 텐데)
✓ If we had left earlier, we might have caught the bus. (잡았을지도)

(4-6 modal-perfect 의 should/could/must have + p.p. 와 같은 구조)

자주 시험에 나오는 패턴

✓ If you had called me, I would have come.
(전화 안 했다 → 만약 했다면, 왔을 텐데)

✓ If she hadn't been late, she wouldn't have missed the train.
(늦었다 → 만약 늦지 않았다면, 기차 놓치지 않았을 텐데)

✓ Had I known earlier, I would have decided differently.
(if 생략 도치형 — 9-6)

도치형 (if 생략 + Had + 주어 + p.p.)

✓ Had I studied harder, I would have passed.
= If I had studied harder, I would have passed.

✓ Had it not been for your help, I would have failed.
= If it had not been for your help, I would have failed.

(9-6 에서 자세히)

가정법 과거 vs 가정법 과거완료 — 시제 표 정리

대표 문장 (외우기)

If I had studied harder, I would have passed the exam.

만약 내가 더 열심히 공부했다면, 시험에 합격했을 텐데.

If 주어 + had p.p. + 주어 + would have + p.p. 가정법 과거완료의 가장 표준 패턴.