핵심 명제
조동사 + have + p.p. = 과거에 대한 추측·후회·가정.
5가지 패턴을 외우면 시험 끝.
설명
조동사는 자체 과거형이 거의 없다. 과거 의미는 조동사 + have + 과거분사 로 표현.
5가지 핵심 패턴
| 형태 | 의미 |
|---|---|
| must have + p.p. | ~했음에 틀림없다 (강한 과거 추측) |
| may/might have + p.p. | ~했을지도 모른다 (약한 과거 추측) |
| could have + p.p. | ~할 수 있었는데 (안 함) |
| should have + p.p. | ~했어야 했는데 (안 함) |
| can't / couldn't have + p.p. | ~했을 리 없다 |
must have + p.p. — 강한 과거 추측
The ground is wet. It must have rained. (땅이 젖었다 — 비왔음에 틀림없다)
She didn't answer. She must have been busy.
may/might have + p.p. — 약한 과거 추측
He didn't come. He may have been sick. (아팠을지도)
I don't know where she is. She might have left. (떠났을지도)
could have + p.p. — 능력·기회는 있었지만 안 함 (후회·비난)
You could have called me! (전화할 수 있었잖아 — 안 함, 비난)
She could have won the race. (이길 수 있었는데 — 못 함)
should have + p.p. — 후회·비난
I should have studied harder. (더 공부했어야 했다 — 안 함, 후회)
You shouldn't have lied. (거짓말 하지 말았어야 — 했음, 비난)
can't have / couldn't have + p.p. — 강한 부정 추측
He can't have stolen it. He was with me. (훔쳤을 리 없다)
She couldn't have known the answer.
might have / could have — 약한 가정 의미도
조건이 맞았으면 가능했을 일.
If you had asked, I could have helped you. (도와줄 수 있었을 텐데)
She might have come if invited. (초대됐으면 왔을지도)
(자세히는 단원 9 가정법)
정리표 — 함정 대비
| 패턴 | 했나 안 했나? | 어감 |
|---|---|---|
| must have done | 했음 (확신) | 강한 추측 |
| should have done | 안 함 | 후회 |
| could have done | 안 함 | 가능성·후회 |
| might have done | 했을지도 (모름) | 약한 추측 |
| can't have done | 안 함 | 부정 추측 |
should have done 의 의미가 가장 헷갈림 — "했어야 했는데 안 했다".
대표 문장 (외우기)
You should have studied harder. — He must have left already, but I might have missed him.
너는 공부를 더 했어야 했어. 그는 이미 떠났음에 틀림없는데, 어쩌면 내가 못 봤을지도.
should have (후회) + must have (강한 추측) + might have (약한 추측). 세 패턴.