that vs which (한정 vs 계속)

핵심 명제

사물 선행사 + 한정적 = which 또는 that. 계속적 (콤마 ,) = which 만, that X.

콤마가 결정한다.

설명

사물 선행사용 관계대명사

✓ The book which is on the table is mine. (주격)
✓ The book that I read yesterday is interesting. (목적격)
✓ The book (which/that) I bought is expensive. (생략)

한정적 용법 vs 계속적 용법 — 콤마 차이

한정적:

The students who studied hard passed the exam.
(공부 열심히 한 학생들만 합격 — 학생을 구별)

계속적 (콤마):

The students, who studied hard, passed the exam.
(학생들이 합격 — 그런데 그들은 모두 공부 열심히 했다 — 부가 설명)

계속적 용법은 that 사용 불가

✗ The book, that I read, is interesting.
✓ The book, which I read, is interesting.

✗ This is my brother, that lives in Seoul.
✓ This is my brother, who lives in Seoul.

계속적 = which / who 만. that 절대 X. 시험 단골.

that 만 가능 / 더 자연스러운 케이스

✓ This is the best book that I have ever read. (최상급)
✓ He is the only person that can help. (only)
✓ Look at the boy and the dog that are running. (사람 + 사물)

이런 경우 which 보다 that 이 자연스러움.

전치사 + 관계대명사

✓ The house in which I live is old. (격식)
✓ The house (which/that) I live in is old. (구어)

✗ The house in that I live (전치사 + that X)

전치사 + that X 도 시험 단골.

소유격 whose / of which

✓ The book whose cover is red is mine.
✓ The book of which the cover is red is mine. (격식)
✓ The book the cover of which is red is mine. (격식)

세 형태 다 가능. whose 가 가장 자연.

관계대명사 생략 — 목적격만

목적격 (whom/which/that) 은 구어에서 자주 생략.

✓ The book I read was great. (which/that 생략)
✓ The boy I met is kind. (whom/that 생략)

주격은 생략 못 함:

✗ The boy is reading is my brother.
✓ The boy who is reading is my brother.

단, 주격 + be 동사 는 함께 생략 가능 (분사 형태로):

The man who is sitting → The man sitting (분사)

(7-1 단원 분사에서 다룸)

대표 문장 (외우기)

This is the best book that I have ever read, which my friend recommended.

이건 내가 읽어본 최고의 책이다. 친구가 추천한 책이다.

that I have ever read (최상급 + that) + , which my friend recommended (계속적 — 콤마 + which). 한정 vs 계속.