4형식 수동태 — to/for 전치사

핵심 명제

4형식은 수동태 2개 가능 (IO 또는 DO 가 주어). DO 가 주어면 IO 앞에 to/for 전치사.

핵심: 직접목적어 (사물) 가 주어가 되면 간접목적어 (사람) 앞에 전치사가 붙는다.

설명

4형식 = 두 개의 수동태 가능

She gave me a book. (4형식 — me=IO, a book=DO)

수동태 두 형태:

능동: She gave me a book.

수동 A (IO 가 주어):
✓ I was given a book by her.

수동 B (DO 가 주어):
✓ A book was given to me by her.

두 수동태 모두 가능한 동사

give, send, show, tell, teach, lend, write 등 대부분의 4형식 동사.

능동: He sent me an email.
A: I was sent an email by him.
B: An email was sent to me by him.

B 형식의 전치사 — 동사별로 to / for / of

(2-4 sentence-4 에서 다룸 — 같은 룰)

수동태 B 형식에서도 같은 전치사.

능동: She bought him a gift.
A: He was bought a gift. (어색 — buy 류는 A 형식 잘 안 씀)
B: ✓ A gift was bought for him. (정상)

buy / make / cook / get 류 — DO 가 주어인 B 형식만 자연

능동: My mom made me a cake.
A: ✗ I was made a cake. (어색 — make 의 사역 의미와 혼동)
B: ✓ A cake was made for me.

시험에 자주 나오는 패턴

give 류 — A·B 둘 다 자연:

He gave me a book.
→ I was given a book.
→ A book was given to me.

buy 류 — B 형식만 자연:

He bought me a present.
→ A present was bought for me. (B만 OK)

ask — of 전치사:

He asked me a question.
→ I was asked a question. (A — 자연)
→ A question was asked of me. (B — 격식)

부정사·that 절도 가능

능동: He asked me to help.
수동: I was asked to help (by him). (사역 동사처럼 to 부활 — 5-5)

능동: They told me that he was sick.
수동: I was told that he was sick.

수동태 부적합한 동사

✗ A car is had by me. → ✓ I have a car.
✗ Her father is resembled by her. → ✓ She resembles her father.
✗ 10 dollars is cost by it to me. → ✓ It cost me 10 dollars.

대표 문장 (외우기)

A book was given to me by her, and a cake was made for me by my mom.

그녀에 의해 책 한 권이 내게 주어졌고, 엄마에 의해 케이크가 만들어졌다.

given to me (give → to) + made for me (make → for). 4형식 B 수동의 두 전치사.