핵심 명제
목적어 → 주어 자리. 동사 → be + p.p. 행위자 → by + 목적격.
3 단계 변환만 외우면 된다.
설명
수동태 = "행위를 받는 쪽" 을 강조하는 문장 형식.
능동: She wrote the letter.
(그녀가 / 썼다 / 편지를)
수동: The letter was written by her.
(편지가 / 쓰여졌다 / 그녀에 의해)
변환 3 단계
- 능동의 목적어 → 수동의 주어
- 능동의 동사 → be + 과거분사 (시제는 능동과 같게)
- 능동의 주어 → by + 목적격
능동: Tom broke the window.
1. window → 주어
2. broke (과거) → was broken (과거 수동)
3. Tom → by Tom
수동: The window was broken by Tom.
시제별 수동태 형태
| 시제 | 형태 |
|---|---|
| 단순현재 | am/is/are + p.p. |
| 단순과거 | was/were + p.p. |
| 미래 | will be + p.p. |
| 현재진행 | am/is/are being + p.p. |
| 과거진행 | was/were being + p.p. |
| 현재완료 | have/has been + p.p. |
| 과거완료 | had been + p.p. |
| 미래완료 | will have been + p.p. |
| 조동사 | 조동사 + be + p.p. |
✓ The book is read by many. (현재)
✓ The book was read by many. (과거)
✓ The book will be read by many. (미래)
✓ The book has been read by many. (현재완료)
✓ The book is being read now. (현재진행)
✓ The book can be read by anyone. (조동사)
by + 행위자 — 생략되는 경우
다음 4 케이스에선 by 행위자 흔히 생략:
| 경우 | 예 |
|---|---|
| 행위자 불명·일반인 | English is spoken here. |
| 행위자 명확 | The thief was arrested. (당연히 경찰) |
| 행위자 불특정 | Many books are sold every day. |
| 강조할 필요 X | He was injured in the accident. |
✓ The window was broken. (누가 깼는지 불명·중요 X)
✗ The window was broken by someone. (불필요)
by 외 다른 전치사
일부 동사·형용사는 by 가 아닌 다른 전치사.
| 패턴 | 전치사 |
|---|---|
| be interested in | in |
| be surprised at | at |
| be pleased with | with |
| be satisfied with | with |
| be filled with | with |
| be made of | of (재료 보임) |
| be made from | from (재료 안 보임) |
| be covered with | with |
| be known to | to (사람) |
| be known for | for (이유) |
| be known as | as (~로서) |
✓ I am interested in music. (interested in 고정)
✓ The bottle is filled with water. (filled with)
✓ He is known to everyone. (known to)
(자세히는 10-4 passive-prepositions)
수동태가 부적절한 경우
자동사는 수동태 X (목적어 X 라 변환 불가).
✗ The accident was happened.
✓ The accident happened. (자동사 — 수동 X)
✗ He was died.
✓ He died.
happen, occur, die, arrive, exist, disappear 등은 모두 자동사.
(10-5 passive-intransitive 에서 자세히)
대표 문장 (외우기)
The letter was written by her, and it will be sent tomorrow.
그 편지는 그녀에 의해 쓰여졌고, 내일 보내질 것이다.
was written by her (과거 수동) + will be sent (미래 수동). 두 시제.